PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc

S + haven’t/hasn’t + been + verb 4……etc

Have/has + S + been + verb 4……….etc ?

QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ?

Example :

-          Pelajar pelajar tengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini

      +    The students have been singing since this morning

-          The students haven’t been singing since this morning

?    Have the students been singing since this morning ?

Past Perfect Tense

PAST PERFECT TENSE

We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time :

Example :

-          When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home

-          When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my fur coat.

-          George didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film twice.

-          It was my first time in an aeroplane. I was very nervous because I hadn’t flown before.

The pattern:

S + had + verb 3…………when/before S + V2

S + hadn’t +  Verb 3……… when/before S + V2

Had + S + verb 3………… when/before S + V2 ?

QW + had + S + verb 3………  when/before S + V2 ?

Past Continuous Tense

We use past continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn’t finished:

This time last year I was living in Brazil

We often use the past continuous Tense and the past simple together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:

When I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.

The pattern :

S +  was/were + verb 4………………….When + s + Verb 2…….……

S + was/were + not + Verb 4…………….When + s + Verb 2…………

Was/were + S + verb 4…………………. When + s + Verb 2 ……. ….?

QW + was/were + S + verb 4……………When + s + Verb 2 …………?

e.g. +    She was cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

       -    She wasn’t cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

       ?    Was she cooking rice when Tom came yesterday ?

Past tense

 PAST TENSE

 The Use of Simple Past Tense

We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.

The Adverbs of time  used

      

         The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last….., a week ago, this morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear, etc.

The Patterns of Simple Past  Tense

          The Positive Pattern

S + Verb 2…………………………………………………… Yesterday

              S  +   2…………………………………………………..

               Examples :

1.      John saw a crocodile in the river yesterday.

2.      We studied English  here last week.

3.      They played football in the field yesteryear  

              2.3.2. The Negative Pattern

S + didn’t + Verb 1…………………………………… ……..Yesterday

              S   +   tidak +  1…………………………………kemarin

              Examples :

1.      John didn’t see a crocodile in the river yesterday.

2.      We didn’t study here last week.

3.      They didn’t play football in the field yesteryear.

               The Interrogative Pattern

Did  + S + Verb 1……………………………………………..Yesterday?

               Apakah + S + 1…………………………………………kemarin?

              Examples:

1.      Did John see a crocodile in the river yesterday ? Yes, he did/No, he didn’t

2.      Did you study here last week ? Yes, we did/ No, we didn’t

3.      Did they play football in the field yesteryear? Yes, they did/No, they didn’t

              The Question-word Pattern

QW + did  + S + Verb 1……………………………….………Yesterday?

            Qw + yang + S +  1…………………………………….?

           

             Examples:

1.      What  did John see in the river yesterday ? a crocodile

2.      When did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday 

QW +  Verb 2……………………………….………Yesterday? S + did

            QW  + 2……………………………..?

           

             Examples :

1.      Who saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did

2.      What grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did

This, That, These, Those

Demonstratives are used to point out a particular item. They are as follows:
This (indicates something close to the speaker)
That (indicates something away from the speaker)
These (indicates some things close to the speaker)
Those (indicates some things away from the speaker)

Example:

A: What is this? (pointing to something held in the speaker's hand or near the speaker)
B: A pencil.
A: What is that? (pointing to something at a distance from the speaker)
B: A tree.
Remember that demonstratives are used in reference to the speaker. (What is near "you" may not be near "me" and vice versa.)

A: What's that you're holding?
B: This is an egg. Here, catch!
A: Oops.
B: That's a mess.
A: What are these (holding up a pair of slippers)
B: Those are slippers.

Be sure to use this/that with singular and non-count nouns and these/those with count nouns.

This orange is sour.		These oranges are sweet.
That truck is full.		Those trucks are empty.
This milk is fresh.

Sometimes demonstratives can be used as pronouns (to refer to a particular noun.)

Give me that!		Whose are these?
Give me that (spoon).		Whose are these (socks)?

This and that can also be used with one. However, these and those are more commonly used alone.

I want this one.		I want these. (not these ones)
I'll take that one.		I'll take those.

On the telephone, this and that are used differently in British and American English to identify callers.

Example:

Receiver:		Hello.
Caller:		I was wondering if you would be interested in buying . . .
Receiver:		Who is this? (American)
		Who is that? (British)
		(Both expressions are used to ask the caller to identify himself/herself.)
Caller:		This is Mr. Fuller from the Acme Brush Company.
		(Same for both British and American English)
Caller:		Hi Jack. Long time no see!
Receiver:		Is this Bob? What a surprise! (American)
		Is that Bob? What a surprise! (British)

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Verb Be

The verb be takes on different forms in the present and past.

I He She It You They we

Present am is is is are are are

Contraction 'm 's 's 's 're 're 're

Past was was was was were were were

The verb be indicates existence, temporary condition or permanent status.

It is really hot today.
Grady's not here right now.
Greg and Tim are engineers.
Trudy was sick yesterday.
Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean.

The base form is be, the past participle is been, and the -ing form is being.

I'll be back tomorrow.
He has been a doctor since 1998.
She is being nice today.

The verb be is also used in progressive tenses, passives and prepositional collocations:

Progressive tenses:

He is writing a letter to his brother.
Jeff was cleaning the house this morning.
The Holleys have been living there since April.


Passive voice:

The people were surprised by the news.
Craig was stopped by the policeman.


Prepositional collocations:

Tracy is fond of chocolates.
Cassie is not afraid of snakes.
I'm interested in making money.

Infinitive

Infinitives are defined as to + base form of the verb. They have several functions.

1. Used as subjects and subject complements.

To know me is to love me.
To live in Hawaii is my lifetime dream.

2. Used as objects following certain verbs.*

I wanted to tell you how much I appreciated your gift.
He hesitated to ask the embarrassing question.

3. Used as a shortened form of in order to.

You must take this medicine (in order) to get well.
I went to the bank to cash a check.

Infinitives can sometimes take objects of their own.

We hope to find the person who did this.
I was asked to make a dessert for the potluck dinner.

*These verbs are commonly followed by infinitives.

afford beg decide forget intend mean prepare seem threaten

agree begin demand go know how need pretend start try

appear care deserve happen learn neglect promise stop volunteer

arrange choose desire hate like offer refuse struggle wait

ask claim expect hesitate love plan regret swear want

attempt consent fail hope manage prefer remember tend wish

Clause and Phrase

Clauses consist of a Subject and Verb and sometimes a subordinating conjunction.

    Roger went to Japan last summer.

    After he went to Japan, Roger went to Korea.

    Roger is the man who went to Japan last summer.

    Whoever went to Japan had a great time.
           

    (Independent clause)

    (Adverbial clause)

    (Relative clause)

    (Noun clause)

Phrases are groups of words without a complete subject or verb.

    After Japan, Roger went to Korea.

    After going to Japan, Roger went to Korea.

    Having gone to Japan, Roger went to Korea.
           

    (Prepositional phrase)

    (Participial phrase)

    (Participial phrase)

Some clauses can be reduced to phrases by omitting certain words:

    The man who is going to Japan is Roger.

    The man going to Japan is Roger.

    "When he was traveling to Japan, Roger met Lori.

    When traveling to Japan, Roger met Lori.

    When he was in Japan, Roger ate sashimi.

    When in Japan, Roger ate sashimi.

    In Japan, Roger ate sashimi.
           

    (Relative clause)

    (Reduced)

    (Adverbial clause)

    (Reduced)

    (Adverbial clause)

    (Reduced)

    (Prepositional phrase)