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To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made and social phenomena in our environment.

Generic structure/ bentuk umum

General classification: tells what the phenomenon under discussion is.

Description tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of (1) parts, (2) qualities, (3) habits or behaviors, if living; uses, if non-natural.

example:

Whales 

General Classification

Whales aresea-living mammals                     fact  
Description: (behaviours, qualities, parts) 

They therefore breathe air but cannot survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, whichcan exceed 30m in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looksrather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external structure: its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat, horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish isvertical) and it has a single nostril on top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of fat (blubber). This isup to 30 cm in thickness and serves to conserve heat and body fluids. 

Check the bold : focus on generic participant:  focus pada kata-kata spesifik dari objek

Chek the red: using a simple present tense. Kata-kata menggunakan simple present tense

significan lexicogrammatical feature:

• Focus on Generic Participants.
• Use of Relational Processes to state what is and that which it is.
• Use of simple present tense (unless extinct).
•  No temporal sequence.

PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE


Procedures help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions eg step by step method to germinate seeds. The text below is an example of a procedure. The labels show the structure
and language features of procedure text. Procedures begin by outlining an aim or goal. Sometimes there is a list of the materials and equipment needed. The steps are then listed in order.

Teks Prosedur adalah teks yang isinya mengenai langkah-langkah/step bagaimana membuat/ melakukan sesuatu.

example Teks Prosedur

1)    How to Plant a Flower. (Ini adalah Aim/Goal)

Materials and Tools: A pail, a flower pot, a water dipper or water hose and a pair of gloves, soil and manure.

Steps:
-    Take a pail of soil from the backyard. Mix the soil and the manure.

-      Put the mixture in the flower pot. - Plant tha flower in the flower pot.

-      Take some water using the water dipper. Sprinkle the plant

-      Put a little soil around the plant

-       

2)    LOOP-THE-LOOP PAPER PLANE .

Materials needed:

• A sheet of heavy paper

• A pencil

• Sharp scissors

• A paper clip

• Crayons Method:

Here’s a paper airplane that will fly in circles.

1. First fold the paper in half the long way.
2. Then draw an airplane with wings and tail on it.
3. Next draw a line about an inch away from the fold on each side the full length of paper.
4. Then cut out the airplane, but do not cut on the fold.
5. After that spread out the airplane and colour it. You can draw airplane markings near each wing tip.
6. Next refold your airplane. Now fold each wing down along the time drawn on it.
7. Then add a paper clip to the nose. You can change the way your airplane flies by changing the wing shape and putting more than one paper clip on the nose.

note:
Teks Procedure Generic Structure: Aim/Goal - Materials – Steps
Tenses used in procedure: Simple Present in Imperative.

NARRATIVE TEXT

NARRATIVE

Teks naratif adalah teks yang isinya cerita (fiksi/non fiksi/dongeng/cerita rakyat, dll) dan dalam alur cerita /plotnya selalu disertai dengan puncak masalah/ klimaks cerita (complication) kemudian diikuti dengan penyelesaian masalah (Resolution)

Generic Structures: bentuk umum dari narrative teks

Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

explanation (penjelasan)

• Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened. orientation: berisi tentang SIAPA, KAPAN, dan DIMANA cerita itu terjadi 
• Evaluation: it is optional, it is usually used to make the story more interesting. evaluation: adalah pilihan, itu biasanya dibuat supaya cerita lebih menarik.
• Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. A story can have more than one complication. Complication: adalah tentang konflik atau permasalahan inti yang ada di dalam cerita. cerita bisa mempunyai lebih dari satu complication.
• Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. resolution: adalah solusi dari permasalahan di cerita. itu bisa berakhir senang ataupun berakhir sedih.

Example:

                      

Snow White

Orientation

Once upon a timethere lived a little girl named Snow White. She livedwith her Aunt and Uncle because her parents weredead.

Major Complication

One dayshe heard her Uncle and Aunt talkingabout leaving Snow White in the castle because they bothwanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.

Resolution

Snow Whitedid not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home whenher Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran awayinto the woods.

Complication

She was very tired and hungry.

Resolution

Then she sawthis little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.

Complication

Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, what is your name? Snow White said, ‘My name is Snow White’.

Major Resolution

Doc said, ‘If you wish, you may live here with us”. Snow White said, ‘Oh could(I) ?.Thankyou’. Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.

Yes No Question

There are many types of questions in English. The easiest are questions that can be
answered "yes" or "no."

Bahasa Inggris memiliki berbagai macam tipe pertanyaan. Cara termudah adalah pertanyaan yang bisa dijawab dengan ya atau tidak.

A: Are you from around here?                 A: Do you come here often?

B: Yes, I am.                                           B: Yes, I do.

A: Can I buy you a drink?                       A: Are you married?

B: No, thanks.                                        B: Yes, I am.

sebelum kita menggunakan pola yes no question alangkah baiknya kita belajar tentang bagaimana cara membuat berdasarkan struktur yang benar.

To form a question from a statement, first count the number of verbs.

John is a doctor.		One verb: is (be)
Jane drives a sports car.		One verb: drives
Joan played basketball last night.		One verb: played
Jan is eating her dinner.		Two verbs: is eating
June has rented an apartment.		Two verbs: has rented
Jen has been living there since 1969.		Three verbs: has been living

If there is one verb in the statement and the verb is a form of be, simply switch the
positions of the subject and verb.

Statement		Question
John is a doctor.		Is John a doctor?
The Jensens are here.		Are the Jensens here?

If there are two verbs, simply switch the positions of the subject and first verb.

Statement		Question
Jan is eating dinner.		Is Jan eating dinner?
June has rented an apartment.		Has June rented an apartment?
Jen has been living here since 1969.		Has Jen been living here since 1969?

If there is one verb, and the verb is not a form of be, the process is more complex.

1. Add Do to the beginning of the sentence.

The Johnsons live in that house.

Do the Johnsons live in that house?

2. If the main verb "carries" a third person singular s, move the s to Do, making it Does.

Jane drives a car.		Do Jane drives a car? (Not finished yet!)
		Does Jane drive a car? (Good question!)

3. If the main verb "carries" past tense, move the past tense to Do, making it Did.

Joan played basketball last night.		Do Joan played basketball? (Not finished yet!)
		Did Joan play basketball? (Good question!)

In conversation, most questions are asked of the second person (you) and answered in
the first (I).

A: Are you from California?

B: No, I'm from Oregon. Are you?

A: Yes, I'm from Hollywood.

B: Do you know any movie stars?

A: No, I don't go out at night.

In British English, the main verb havesometimes functions like be in questions. This is
not common in American English.

Statement		Question
You have a pet ferret.		Have you a pet ferret? (British)
		Do you have a pet ferret? (American)

Antonym

Antonym

apa sih yang dinamakan antonym??? antonym dalam bahasa indonesia berarti lawan kata. sering kita dapati kata-kata yang berlawanan satu sama lain, dan itupun berlaku di dalam bahasa inggris. so silahkan anda cermati bagaimana kita bisa mempelajari antonym dengan gampang dan simple.

• langkah awal adalah anda harus mulai menghafal berbagai kosa kata bahasa inggris dengan cara-cara seperti

1. membeli kamus bahasa inggris. berbagai macam kamus bisa anda dapatkan di toko-toko. jika ingin lebih praktis anda bisa beli kamu saku....atau kamus elektronik
2. bawa kamus tersebut kemanapun anda pergi. seperti ke skul, maen, pergi-pergi
3. hapalkan perkata tersebut setiap hari berulang-ulang...tambahkan kata-kata baru setiap hari
4. sering-sering nonton tv berbahasa inggris....baca-baca buku, majalah berbahasa inggris....

didalam mempelajari antonym, berarti secara tidak langsung anda akan belajar tentang synonym.
apa itu synonym??? synonym adalah padanan kata, kata yang mirip dengan kata aslinya....

antonym akan bisa keluar secara langsung jika anda mempunyai banyak kata-kata, vocabulary yang banyak tidak hanya satu kata saja, tetapi lebih dari satu....

chek dan richek kata-kata berikut ini
antonym (lawan kata)

• Above             X          a. in                 b. below            c. on               
• Begin              X          a. start              b. after              c. before          
• Adult                X          a. teenager       b. young           c. child            
• buy                  X          a. give              b. get                c. receive       
• Arrive              X           a. come           b. depart            c. run             
•  deep              X          a. shallow         b. beep             c. long          
•  dry                 X          a. cold              b. cool              c. wet             
•  exit                X          a. come             b. absent           c. out     
•  negative        X          a. positive         b. active            c. motive   

 bagaimana dengan synonym

Censure        = fault, criticize

Optimum      = best, most favorable
Candid         = frank, open, blunt, upfront, forth-right
Cite             = quote, name, mention, refer to, allude to
Effusive       = demonstrative, fussy, talkative, overenthusiastic, vociferous, extroverted
Voluble         = articulate, vociferous, talkative
Standing      = rank, permanent, position, duration, status, reputation, eminence
Generic       = general, basic, common



nah secara garis besar mudah-mudahan anda bisa mengambil pelajarannya sehingga dapat menambah ilmu bahasa inggris anda. ingat jangan lupa mengikuti ide-ide diatas untuk mempercepat skill anda...


silahkan download materi-materi yang berhubungan dengan antonym dan synonym dibawah ini 

• material antonym and synonym (ms word)
• soal-soal latihan  dan jawaban soal antonym synonym (ms word)
• soal-soal latihan  antonym synonym bagian 2 (ms word)

(V-ing) VS (V-ed)

Correct Forms	Common Errors
There are few people, there's no food and the music is lousy. This party is very boring.	This party is no fun at all. It's very bored.
When the adjective ends in -ing, it means that the person or thing causes this particular effect. Ketika adjective berakhir dengan ing, itu berarti bahwa seseorang atau benda menyebabkan efek yang dijelaskan tersebut. Example: ·  Rules frustrate me. Rules are frustrating.   aturan-aturan membuatku frustasi. aturan2 sangat memfrustasikan ·  Snakes terrify me. They are such terrifying creatures.  ular-ular menakutkanku. Mereka adalah makhluk2 yang menakutkan.
Nobody is having fun at this party. Everyone is bored. tidak seorangpun senang dipesta ini. semua orang (telah merasa) bosan.	Nobody is having fun at this party. Everyone is boring. tidak seorangpun merasa senang di pesta ini. semua orang membosankan.
When the adjective ends in -ed, it means that the person or thing experiences this particular effect. Ketika adjectives berakhir dengan ed, itu berarti bahwa seseorang atau benda telah mengalami kejadian/efek yang dijelaskan. Example: ·  Rules frustrate me. I am frustrated when I have to learn them.  Aturan2 membuatku frustasi. aku (telah merasa) frustasi ketika mempelajarinya ·  Snakes terrify me. I'm always terrified when I see one. Ular2 membuatku (ketakutan. aku selalu (telah merasa)ketakutan bila melihatnya  sampai disini adakah pertanyaan???if there any question just ask ok.... untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan download contoh-contoh soal tentang materi diatas...dan juga video tutorialnya.... soal-soal V-ing VS V-ed Video penjelasan materi V-ing VS V-ed

Gerund (V-ING)

Gerunds

Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnya swimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.

Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)


Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good service.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.

Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), 

• latihan soal gerund bentuk ms word bagian 1
• latihan soal gerund bentuk ms word bagian 2